4-Hydroxynonenal-modified amyloid-beta peptide inhibits the proteasome: possible importance in Alzheimer's disease

The amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) is a 4-kDa species derived from the amyloid precursor protein, which accumulates in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Although we lack full understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of selective neuron death, considerable data do imply roles for both the toxic Aβ and increased oxidative stress. Another significant observation is the accumulation of abnormal, ubiquitin-conjugated proteins in affected neurons, suggesting dysfunction of the proteasome proteolytic system in these cells. Recent reports have indicated that Aβ can bind and inhibit the proteasome, the major cytoslic protease for degrading damaged and ubiquitin-conjugated proteins. Earlier results from our laboratory showed that moderately oxidized proteins are preferentially recognized and degraded by the proteasome; however, severely oxidized proteins cannot be easily degraded and, instead, inhibit the proteasome. We hypothesized that oxidatively modified Aβ might have a stronger (or weaker) inhibitory effect on the proteasome than does native Aβ. We therefore also investigated the proteasome inhibitory action of Aβ _1–40 (a peptide comprising the first 40 residues of Aβ) modified by the intracellular oxidant hydrogen peroxide, and by the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE). H₂O₂ modification of Aβ _1–40 generates a progressively poorer inhibitor of the purified human 20S proteasome. In contrast, HNE modification of Aβ _1–40 generates a progressively more selective and efficient inhibitor of the degradation of fluorogenic peptides and oxidized protein substrates by human 20S proteasome. This interaction may contribute to certain pathological manifestations of Alzheimer’s disease Received 26 September 2000; accepted 26 September 2000     

中国西北干旱区土地退化与生态建设问题

本文阐述了西北干旱区自然环境的基本特点，讨论了土地退化中土地沙漠化、土地盐渍化和草地退化问题。指出生态建设应当尊重自然,不宜大面积植树造林，采取生态修复措施和建立自然保护区有助于环境整治与生态建设。在区域发展中应当重视土地与水资源的合理开发利用以及区域间环境与发展协调等问题。     

聚丙交酯——聚乙二醇嵌段共聚物的合成与性能研究

采用两段反应,先通过辛酸亚锡催化低分子量端羟基聚乙二醇(PEG)(数均分子量1000和2000)与L-丙交酯(L-LA)的开环聚合合成含有端羟基的低分子量聚丙交酯--聚乙二醇-聚丙交酯(PLA-PEG-PLA)三嵌段低聚物,再用六亚甲基二异氰酸酯(HDI)进行扩链反应合成了一系列不同力学性能的聚丙交酯--聚乙二醇(PLA-PEG)多嵌段共聚物.确定了扩链过程中,多嵌段共聚物膜达到最佳力学性能的反应条件.采用X射线衍射及DSC分析表征了聚合物的结晶结构与熔融温度的变化,发现随PEG含量的增加,聚合物的结晶性与熔融温度均下降.对聚合物膜的吸水性及降解性的测试结果表明,PEG分子量相同时,PEG含量增加,聚合物膜吸水性增强,降解速度加快;同组分比例的PEG2000-PLA多嵌段共聚物的吸水性及降解性均比PEG1000-PLA多嵌段共聚物强.     

石油降解菌株的分离筛选及降解性能研究

从大庆油田石油污染土壤中分离出8株能够以原油为唯一碳源和能源的石油降解菌株,经鉴定分属假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)、微球菌属(Micrococcus sp.)、产碱菌属(Alcaligenes sp.)、动性球菌属(Planococcus sp.)和纤维单胞菌属(Cellulononas sp.)5个属。同时对其中石油降解能力较好的两株菌进一步研究了其石油降解特性,发现原油浓度、pH值、N∶P等对菌株的降解能力有较强的影响。     

纳米ZnO光催化有机磷农药降解的研究

研究纳米氧化锌对三种有机磷农药的降解情况，考查了催化剂及其用量、光照时间、pH值的影响，结果表明纳米氧化锌能使有机磷农药发生降解。实验结果还表明不同形貌的氧化锌在降解有机磷农药时其效果不一样，网状比粒状所需要时间要短，这可能因为网状的粒径比较小，与降解体系接触空间更大。     

用于提高油田采收率的聚合物降解与防护

聚合物驱油是目前工业化应用程度最高的提高采收率三次采油方法，注入溶液的性能指标直接影响聚合物的增油效果，聚合物溶液的降解和防护已引起石油科技工作者的广泛关注。通过大量的室内实验和现场试验对聚合物驱油可能引起的机械降解、化学降解和生物降解进行了详细分析，对如何做好聚合物溶液降解的防护提出了可操作性的措施，在胜利油田应用后取得了预期的聚合物粘度保护效果，这对我国高含水油田聚合物驱油的广泛推广应用具有重要的现实意义。     

Preparation of Zn-doped TiO2 nanotubes electrode and its application in pentachlorophenol photoelectrocatalytic degradation

Zn-doped titanium oxide （TiO2） nanotubes electrode was prepared on a titanium plate by direct anodic oxidation and immersing method in sequence. Field emission scanning electron microscopy （FESEM） showed that the Zn-doped TiO2 nanotubes were well aligned and organized into high density uniform arrays with diameter ranging from 50 to 90 nm. The length and the thickness were about 200 and 15 nm respectively. TiO2 anatase phase was identified by X-ray diffraction （XRD）. X-ray photoelectronspectroscopy （XPS） indicated that Zn ions were mainly located on the surface of TiO2 nanotubes in form of ZnO clusters. Compared with TiO2 nanotubes electrode, about 20 nm red shift in the spectrum of UV-vis absorption was observed. The degradation of pentachlorophenol （PCP） in aqueous solution under the same condition （initial concentration of PCP： 20 mg/L; concentration of Na2SO4：0.01 mol/L and pH： 7.03） was carried out using Zn-doped TiO2 nanotubes electrode and TiO2 nanotubes electrode. The degradation rates of PCP using Zn-doped TiO2 nanotubes electrode were found to be twice and 5.8 times as high as that using TiO2 nanotubes electrode by UV radiation （400 μw/cm^2） and visible light radiation （4500 μw/cm^2）, respectively. 73.5% of PCP was removed using Zn-doped TiO2 nanotubes electrode against 45.5% removed using TiO2 nanotubes electrode in 120 min under UV radiation. While under visible light radiation, the degradation efficiency of PCP was 18.4% using Zn-doped TiO2 nanotubes electrode against 3.2% using TiO2 nanotubes electrode in 120 min. The optimum concentration of Zn doping was found to be 0.909%. The PCP degradation efficiencies of the 10 repeated experiments by Zn-doped TiO2 nanotubes electrode were rather stable with the deviation within 3.0%.     

电催化氧化水中苯酚的循环伏安特性研究

采用循环伏安法考察了水中有机污染物苯酚在电极上的电催化氧化行为,并介绍了苯酚在不同介质中的电催化氧化降解途径.     

海湾型城市湿地的动态变化及其退化因素分析

在遥感和GIS技术的支持下,以厦门市1986和1997年landsat TM影像以及2004年SPOT影像解译数据为基础,对厦门市过去18年间湿地的空间分布及其动态变化进行了研究,并分析了导致湿地退化的主要原因.研究结果表明:目前厦门市湿地类型中以浅海、滩涂和养殖为主,翔安区拥有丰富的湿地土地资源.湿地动态变化主要表现为滩涂、河流、水塘、红树林等自然湿地的减少以及人工湿地-养殖区面积的增加,红树林、养殖区变化最显著,而大多数湿地类型在1986~1997年这个时期变化最显著.湿地总面积呈下降趋势,自然湿地破碎严重化、不断萎缩,而养殖区沿着海岸线快速扩展和蔓延.海岸湿地是厦门独特的风景,但是18年来湿地质量总体处于不断退化之中.污染、资源过度利用、海岸工程、围海造地等是造成厦门湿地退化的主要因素,湿地退化导致生物栖息地恶化以及生物多样性降低等诸多问题.     

甘肃省白银地区草地资源特征与草地生态变化

天然草地的组成类型及退化特征,对草地资源的合理利用和退化草地生态的恢复治理具有重要的生态学意义.对白银地区天然草地资源组成、草地类型结构以及退化草地植被特征进行了系统调查与分析,研究了不同退化演替时期草地植物生态型、生产力的构成变化规律.随草地退化程度的加剧,从初期到后期,高位芽植物最先消失,草地植物群落物种数和优势种密度急剧下降,群落盖度、生物量比、鲜草产量与可食草产量百分数均呈逐渐下降趋势.提出了天然草地永续利用的对策.